Iodine

Iodine is a trace element that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid hormones regulate many important biochemical reactions, including protein synthesis and enzymatic activity, and are critical determinants of metabolic activity. They are also required for proper skeletal and central nervous system development in foetuses and infants. Due to its important role in foetal and infant development and thyroid hormone production, iodine is a critical nutrient for proper health at all life stages.Thyroid function is primarily regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), also known as thyrotropin. It is secreted by the pituitary gland to control thyroid hormone production and secretion, thereby protecting the body from hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. TSH secretion increases thyroidal uptake of iodine and stimulates the synthesis and release of T3 and T4. In the absence of sufficient iodine, TSH levels remain elevated, leading to an enlargement of the thyroid gland that reflects the body’s attempt to trap more iodine from circulation and produce thyroid hormones.

Seaweed (such as kelp, nori, kombu, and wakame) is one of the best food sources of iodine, but it is highly variable in its content. Other good sources include seafood, grain products, and eggs. Iodine may have other physiological functions in the body as well. For example, it appears to play a role in the immune response and might have a beneficial effect on mammary dysplasia and fibrocystic breast disease.
EFSA has acknowledged the following beneficial effects as a basis for health claim:

• Iodine contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system
• Iodine contributes to the maintenance of normal skin
• Iodine contributes to the normal production of thyroid hormones and normal thyroid function